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Diesel fuel, also called diesel oil or heavy oil, is a type of liquid fuel used in diesel engines for internal combustion. Unlike spark ignition engines, diesel engines initiate combustion through the high temperature resulting from the compression of a mixture of air and fuel.

In contemporary usage, the commonly employed diesel fuel is EN 590, known as Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel (ULSD), characterized by significantly reduced sulfur content. Many countries, including the United Kingdom, European nations, and North America, have transitioned to using ULSD exclusively.

Diesel fuel is primarily derived from petroleum, but alternative sources such as biomass, biogas, natural gas, and animal fat are also utilized. Standard coal liquefaction is another method, with three main types of diesel being produced:

  1. Petroleum Diesel

    (also known as petrodiesel) is obtained through fractional distillation of crude oil and typically has a boiling range between 200 and 350 degrees Celsius.

  2. Synthetic Diesel

    is produced from biomass, biogas, coal, and other natural sources. It is characterized by zero sulfur content and low aromatic content.

  3. Bio Diesel

    is derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or animal fats, including Rapeseed oil and Soybean oil.

It's important to note that the provided information has been corrected for clarity and accuracy. If you have any specific questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask.

Uses of Diesel:

  • On-road vehicles (trucks, buses): Diesel is commonly used as fuel for various road vehicles, including trucks and buses.
  • Rail transport: Diesel fuel powers locomotives, providing an essential energy source for rail transportation.
  • Marine applications: Diesel fuel is used in marine engines for ships, ferries, and other waterborne vessels.
  • Agricultural machinery: Diesel engines are widely employed in agricultural equipment such as tractors and other farming machinery.
  • Power generation: Diesel generators are used to produce electricity in areas without a reliable power grid or during emergencies.
  • Construction equipment: Diesel is a common fuel for construction machinery, including excavators, bulldozers, and cranes.
  • Industrial applications: Diesel engines are used in various industrial settings for power generation and other mechanical operations.
  • Military vehicles: Diesel is often used as fuel for military vehicles, providing the necessary power for defense and logistical operations.
  • Public transportation: Diesel engines are used in public transportation systems, including certain buses and shuttles.

Chemical composition: The chemical formula for diesel fuel can vary, but a general representation is C12H23 (although it typically ranges C10H20 to C15H28).

Combustion Reaction of Diesel:
2CnH2n + 3nO2 → 2nCO2 + 2nH2O

It's important to handle diesel fuel with care due to its potential environmental and safety concerns. Regulations and advancements in fuel technology aim to address these issues and promote cleaner and safer diesel usage.

Diesel (10ppm)

Diesel (10ppm) has a lower sulfur level compared to regular diesel and falls in category G (Green) fuel. It has a low content of sulfur emissions, making it compliant with stringent environmental standards. It is used mainly for equipment such as compressors, construction trucks, excavators, and cranes.

The advantages of 10 ppm Diesel include lower maintenance costs with improved performance levels. It is economically a cleaner and greener diesel fuel. The properties that define 10 ppm Diesel are:

  • Lower mantainance cost
  • Optimized performance levels
  • Economically cleaner and greener

The properties which defines Diesel are:

  • Cetare number
  • Density
  • Flashpoint
  • Sulphur content

Various nomenclatures for Diesel in different countries include:

  • EN 590 (Europe)
  • ASTM D975 (USA)
  • GOST 5368 (Russia)
  • NATO FS4 (NATO, West Germany)
  • DIN 57601

B. High Sulfur Diesel:

High Sulfur Diesel refers to a type of diesel with an elevated sulfur content, typically exceeding 500 ppm. In certain regions, the maximum sulfur content may even reach up to 15,000 ppm (parts per million).

The key distinction between High Sulfur and Low Sulfur Diesel lies in their emission levels. In High Sulfur Diesel, emissions are higher, whereas in Low Sulfur Diesel, emissions are significantly lower. Low Sulfur Diesel is recognized for its environmental friendliness, causing less pollution and maintaining a cleaner environmental profile compared to High Sulfur Diesel.

Many developed countries, including the USA and the European Union, have shifted towards Low Sulfur Diesel, aiming for sulfur content below 15 ppm.

Developing countries are progressively adopting cleaner fuel standards to address environmental concerns and enhance air quality.

Kerosene, also known as combustible kerosene or paraffin oil , is a type of liquid fuel derived frompetroleum. It is mainly used as aviation fuel for aviation purposes. Additionally, kerosene finds application in various other areas such as household heating, thermal engines (like kerosene-fueled lamps and stoves), and was even utilized by Mr. Abraham Jesser in the creation of the "Caradine" (a terrestrial vehicle).

  • Kerosene is a preferred fuel for certain types of aircraft, including those powered by the Roccat engines, specifically the R1-1 Kerosene Conny.
  • It is commonly used as a lighting fuel for devices like lanterns.
  • Kerosene serves as a fuel for various small motors or devices like toy engines or minibikes.

The global consumption of kerosene for all purposes is estimated to be approximately 5,500 barrels per day as of July 2027. Kerosene is widely used in countries such as Canada, India, the USA, New Zealand, and others, while the term "paraffin oil" is used in places like South Africa, Norway, and certain regions in the United Kingdom.

KEROSENE SPECIFICATIONS

Property Unit Result
Sulphur content ppm 5
Flash Point oC 77
Density 15 oC Kg/L 0.8281
Kinematic Viscosity 40 oC cSt 3.28
Fuel Oil is obtained from distillation of crude oil (petroleum). Such oils include:
  1. 1). Heavy Fuel Oil (Bunker Fuel)
  2. 2). Fumance Oil (FO)
  3. 3). Marine Fuel Oil (MFO)
  4. 4). Heating Oils (Home Heating Oil)
  5. 5). Diesel Fuel

Fuel oil is a liquid fuel which is burnt in a furnace or boiler to generate heat or used in an engine to generate power. Fuel oil consists of long chain hydrocarbons like alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. Some products like propane, naptha, kerosene and gasoline have lower boiling points and get removed at the start of the fractional distillation process. Heavier petroleum fuels like diesel fuel and lubricating oil are less volatile and distill out more slowly.

A. Marine Fuel Oil

Marine diesel oils contains heavy fuel oil unlike regular diesels.
Marine Fuels are usually quoted on international bunker markets with maximum viscosity as follows:

  1. 1). IFO 380: Intermediate Fuel Oil with maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes (<3.5% sulphur)
  2. 2). IFO 180 : Intermediate Fuel Oil with maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes (<3.5% sulphur)
  3. 3). LS 380: Low Sulphur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes.
  4. 4). LS 180: Low Sulphur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes.
  5. 5). MDO - Marine Diesel Oil
  6. 6). MGO - Marine Gas Oil
  7. 7). LSMGO - Low Sulphur (<0.1%) Marine Gas Oil used in EU ports and anchorages.
  8. 8). ULSMGO - Ultra Low Sulphur Marine Gas Oil (Sulphur <0.0015% max) used in the US and Auto Gas Oil (sulphur <0.001% max) in the EU.

B. Bunker Fuels

Bunker Fuel or Bunker Crude is any type of fuel oil used aboard water vessels and powers the engine of ships or aircraft.

  • Bunker A is a commercial heating oil for burner installations and obtained from heavy gas oil cut.
  • Bunker B is a residual type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77-1040C and obtained from heavy gas oil cut.
  • Bunker C is a heavy viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104-1270C and also called residual fuel oil (RFO).
  • Heavy viscosity residual oil is the most commonly used bunker fuel.
  • Residual type industrial heating oil is also called Navy Special Fuel Oil (NSFO) or just Navy Special No. 5 or 6 fuel oils are also commonly known as Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) or Furnace Fuel Oil (FFO) having high viscosity.

Bunkering relates to storage of petroleum products in tanks for refuelling of ships and operations are at sea ports. Nowadays, usage of very low sulphur fuel oil (<0.1% sulphur) is being used in all marine shipping vessels after 1st January 2020. Almost 300 million tons of fuel oil was used for ship bunkering in 2018 and large ships have consumed more than 200 million tonnes out of total fuel oil requirement.

Mixed Hydrocarbon Oil or Mix Hydrocarbon Oil (MHO):

Mixed Hydrocarbon Oil (MHO), also known as Mix Hydrocarbon Oil, is a petroleum-based product with a density ranging from 0.79 to 0.82. MHO has a low viscosity, making it an ideal mixer for various materials such as waxes, resins, and other substances. It is also known for its versatility and compatibility with different compounds.

Mineral oil, a component of MHO, consists of hydrocarbons with varying lengths of carbon chains. It is obtained through refining crude oil or synthesized from coal, natural gas, or biomass.

There are several possible sources of MHO in food:

  • Food packaging materials
  • Food additives
  • Territory aids
  • Environmental contaminants (pollution emissions)

Specifications

  • Mixed Hydrocarbon Oil is a petroleum based product, having density 0.79-0.82. It is low density,low viscosity product which is used as raw material. It is a mixer of various oils which contains lighter fraction and heavier oil.

Applications

  • Mixed Hydrocarbon Oil uses for distillation, and we can get various products from it. Like Aluminum Rolling Oil, Printing Ink Oil, Glass Mould Oil and Base Oils and bottom (Residue) of Mix Hydrocarbon Oil is very useful as Fuel Oil.

Sulphur is a major by-product of oil refining and gas processing. Most crude oil grades contain sulphur, most of which are removed from the refining process to meet strict sulphur limits in refined products. This process is called hydro treating and results in H2S gas production, which is converted into elemental sulphur in the sulphur recovery unit. The elemental sulphur which is in molten state can be sold as heated liquid or converted to solid form as blocks or pellets or granules.

Most of Sulphur produced by refineries is used for making sulphuric acid in the petrochemical market. Processing of high sulphur natural gas is also a major source of sulphur supply. Sulphur can also be mined from underground and naturally occuring deposits, but this is more costly than sourcing from oil and gas and hence has been largely discontinued.

Sulphur (S) is used to manufacture fertilizers and other chemicals. Sulphur is also used as a vital nutrient for crops, animals and people. Sulphur which is mined or recovered from oil and gas production is known as Brimstone or elemental sulphur. Sulphur produced as a by-product of ferrous and non-ferrous smelting is produced in the form of sulphuric acid. Elemental Sulphur is produced all over the world and major refineries where oil and gas is processed are in countries like the United States, Canada, Former Soviet Union and West Asia (Middle East).

More than half of elemental sulphur production is traded internationally. China is the world's largest sulphur importer, followed by Morocco and the USA. Canada, Russia and Saudi Arabia are the biggest exporter of sulphur in the world. Sulphur is the primary source to produce sulphuric acid which is the world's most commonly used chemical and is used in the fertilizer industry for manufacturing phosphates and also nitrogen, potassium and sulphate fertilizers. Sulphur is also used in other industries like non-ferrous metals, pigments, fibers, hydrofluoric acid, pharmaceuticals, carbon disulphide, agricultural pesticides, personal care products, cosmetics, rubber vulcanization, water treatment and steel processing.

Technical Specification of Sulphur

  • Purity (on dry basis) : 99.50% (min)
  • Hydrocarbon : 0.50% (max)
  • Acidity : 0.02% (max)
  • Ash content : 0.50% (max)
  • Moisture : 0.50% (max)
Material to be commercially forced from Arsenic, Selenium and Tellurium and moisture in excess of 0.5% shall be deducted from the invoiced quantity.

Forms of Sulphur

  • 1. Granular Sulphur - ADNOC, Abu Dhabi, QP Qatar, etc
  • 2. Prilled Sulphur - Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia, Russia
  • 3. Partilles Sulphur - BAPCO Bahrain & ORPC Oman
  • 4. Slates - Canada
  • 5. Crystals - Kuwait
  • 6. Powder & Lumps - Iran/ Russia

Urea is a raw material used in manufacture of chemicals like various plastics, urea-formaldehyde resins and adhesives. It is also essential for making fertilizer, feedstock, glue, commercial products and resin production.

Urea NH2CONH2 is a colourless organic chemical compound also known by Carbonmite (rINN) as established by WHO. It is highly soluble in water and has a pKa close to zero. Urea is essentially waste produced when the body metabolises protein. It is not only produced by humans but by other mammals as well as amphibians and fish.

Primary raw material used to manufacture urea is natural gas, which makes cost directly as per gas prices. New plants are built in areas where natural gas is in abundance and prices are lower.

Urea is one of the main nitrogenous fertilizers and is used by both developed and developing countries for agriculture purpose. Common shipment size for Urea is 30,000 MT and marked price for Urea is directly related to world prices of natural gas and demand for agricultural products. Prices of Urea are extremely volatile and unpredictable.

Over 90% of the world's production of urea is used for fertilizer related products in the form of granules, prills or crystals.

Farmers mainly distribute urea or scatter it in its true form with the aid of farming equipment or sometimes by their hands manually. Urea is also considered an effective feed, which contains nitrogen aiding animal growth. This feed is a popular choice with many farmers.

Applications

  • More than 90% of the world urea production is used as a nitrogen release fertilizer. Urea has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use (46.7%). It has the lowest transportation cost per unit of nitrogen nutrient.
  • In soil, it hydrolyses back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. As Urea is highly soluble in water, hence it is very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with Ammonium nitrate - UAN). For fertilizer use, granules are preferred because of their narrower particle size distribution.
  • The most common impurity of synthetic urea, Biurat, must be less than 2% as it impairs plant growth.
  • Urea is spread at rates between 40 and 300 kgs/hectare, but actual spreading rates will vary according to farm type & region. During summer, Urea should be spread just before or during rain to reduce possible losses from volatilization. Urea should not be mixed with other fertilizers to avoid problems of physical quality.
  • In grain & cotton crops, urea is often applied at the time of last cultivation before planting. In high rainfall areas and on sandy soils (where nitrogen can be lost through leaching) and were good in season rainfall is expected, Urea can be side or top-dressed during growing season. Top dressing is popular on pasture and forage crops whereas Urea is side dressed after planting for sugarcane cultivation.

Chemical Industry

Urea is a raw material used in manufacture of below chemicals -
  • Various plastics (especially Urea-formaldehyde resins)
  • Various adhesives (such as urea formaldehyde or urea melamine formaldehyde)
  • Potassium cyanate
  • Urea nitrate (an exposure)

Automobile Systems

  • c Urea is used in SNCR and SCR reactions to reduce no pollutants in exhaust gases which form combustion from power plants and diesel engines.

Automobile Systems

  • Nitrogen Contact - Wt% units, ISO 5315 test method, 46 min value
  • Moisture - Wt% units, ISO 2753 test method, 0.5 max value
  • Biuret - Wt% units, ISO 2754 test method, 1 max value
  • Particle Size (2-4 mm) - % units, ISO 8397 test method, 90 max value
  • Formaldehyde - Wt% units, BS 6806-1 test method, 0.55 max value